02948nas a2200313   4500008004100000245026000041210007000301260001100371300001400382490000700396520193500403653001202338653001502350653002702365653001702392653001702409653001202426653001702438653001402455653001702469653001702486653001102503653001602514653001502530653001602545653001302561100001302574856004702587       1991                        eng d00aMorphologische indizien für das unmittelbare schwestergruppenverhältnis der Schizophora mit den Syrphoidea (’Aschiza’) in der phylogenetischen systematik der Cyclorrhapha (Diptera: Brachycera). [Morphological evidence for the direct sister group rel0 aMorphologische indizien für das unmittelbare schwestergruppenver  aLondon  a1531-15700 v253 aThe phylogenetic relationships of the Schizophora with the families of the Aschiza were investigated on the basis of synapomorphies. Depending on the family, the sensory epithelium of the retinae of the compound eyes of flies consists either of populations of 2 ommatidial elements or of uniform ommatidia: duotype and monotype, respectively. Within the Cyclorrhapha, the monotype occurs exclusively in the Schizophora and Syrphoidea (= Syrphidae + Pipunculidae), whereas the duotype occurs in the remaining Aschiza. These 2 types form a plesio-apomorphous pair: on the basis of character state analysis the duotype was regarded as plesiomorphous and the monotype proved to be a synapomorphy of the Schizophora and Syrphoidea. The retinal pair was accorded a high relevance as an indicator of the the phylogenetic relationships in Cyclorrhapha owing to its special morphology and the very low probability of a parallel development of the apomorphous monotype. In this paper, the hypothesis of W. Hennig (1976) that the dorsobasal arista on the antennal flagellum in the Schizophora and Syrphoidea is a synapomorphy compared to the original apical arista was confirmed on the basis of literature studies. The monophyly of these 2 groups together, and their sister group relationship, were demonstrated in an argumentation scheme. 3 alterations of the conventional systematics of the Cyclorrhapha were undertaken: (a) the term ’Eumuscomorpha’ is introduced to designate a new monophyletic taxon of the Schizophora and Syrphoidea. (b) The remaining groups of the Aschiza are temporarily subsumed in a ’superfamily Platypezoidea’ owing to their manifestation of complementary symplesiomorphous characteristics. Until its phylogenetic character (monophyly or paraphyly) is unequivocally clarified, it remains an ’artificial’ entity. (c) The term ’Aschiza’ is for a taxon of the genealogical system no longer applicable.10aAschiza10aBrachycera10acomparative morphology10acompound eye10aCyclorrhapha10aDiptera10aphylogenetic10aphylogeny10aPipunculidae10arelationship10aretina10aSchizophora10aSyrphoidea10aSystematics10ataxonomy1 aWada, S.  uhttps://syrphidae.myspecies.info/node/952002954nas a2200421   4500008004100000245007800041210006900119260001400188300001000202490000800212520156400220653007401784653001201858653002201870653005101892653001401943653001501957653001201972653007001984653001302054653001402067653004602081653000802127653001102135653002102146653007202167653001502239653002502254653003902279653001902318653001402337653001402351653005602365653002802421100002102449700002102470856004102491       1999                        eng d00aPhylogeny of Palaearctic Syrphidae (Diptera): evidence from larval stages0 aPhylogeny of Palaearctic Syrphidae Diptera evidence from larval   cSeptember  a1-1120 v1273 aWe estimated the phylogeny of Palaearctic Syrphidae using 187 larval morphological characters obtained from about 65% of the fauna (85 supraspecific taxa represented by 118 species) and based the analysis at the generic level. The root of the syrphid tree was established from an outgroup consisting of other Aschizan families: the Platypezidae, Phoridae and Pipunculidae, with the tree rooted on the Lonchopteridae. The Syrphidae was the most derived Aschizan family. The Pipunculidae was the sister group to the Syrphidae. Eumerus was basal within Syrphidae. A trend exists towards increasing complexity of integumental folds and grooves across the Aschiza. In movement, the integument collapses along the line of these grooves. Grooves are evidence of muscles forming functional groups. Elaboration of independent groups of muscles appears to underlie much of the evolution of larval form within Aschiza. The basal feeding modes of syrphid larvae are mycophagy and phytophagy. Above these feedingmodes, all remaining syrphids fall into one of two lineages comprising entomophages and saprophages, each of which has a single origin within the apparently polyphyletic Volucella. Major morphological innovation is associated with shifts between feeding modes; within feeding modes, change is gradual and tends towards increasing complexity. Change is mostly in structures associated with the mouthparts, thorax, anal segment and locomotory organs. Generic diagnoses with biological and taxonomic notes and a key to genera using larval characters are provided.10a[Palaearctic region / / larval characters & systematic implications].10aAschiza10aAschiza (Diptera)10aAschiza [Phylogeny / / Cladistic relationships10aBEHAVIOUR10acladistics10aDiptera10aentomophage & saprophage characters] [Evolutionary adaptation / /10aevidence10aevolution10ageneric review & systematic implications]10akey10alarvae10alarval character10aLarval feeding modes] [Phylogeny / / Cladistic relationships within10amorphology10aPalaearctic region].10aPalaearctic] [Nutrition / / Larval10aphylogenetic &10aphylogeny10aSyrphidae10aSyrphidae [General morphology / / Larval characters10asystematic implications1 aRotheray, Graham1 aGilbert, Francis  u<u><Go to ISI>://ZOOR13600034861</u>