@article {209,
	title = {Comparative functional morphology of the wings of Diptera},
	journal = {Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society},
	volume = {96},
	number = {1},
	year = {1989},
	pages = {27-47},
	abstract = {Wings of representative species of the order Diptera were compared with a simple model structure in which corrugated spars diverge from a V-shaped leading edge spar. Both develop torsion and camber when subjected to aerodynamic loads, forming a propeller shape. Both the leading edge and the cubitus of flies{\textquoteright} wings twist basally, allowing camber to be set up as the media hinges up or down at the arculus. Three different wing types were identified: stiff wings possessing 2 or 3 main spars; and wings capable of ventral flexion. In wings possessing only 2 spars, found mainly in the Nematocera, control of camber is achieved largely by the use of cross veins. Wing control and flight are generally imprecise. The 3rd spar, found in most Brachycera, in the Syrphidae and in the Conopidae controls camber and helps support a broader wing. Finer control of camber is exerted by marginal cross veins, and these insects generally have precise, darting flight. Ventral flexion mechanisms are found in the Simuliidae, the Stratiomyiidae, and widely in the Schizophora. Control of ventral flexion, which occurs at the end of the downstroke, allows fast, unpredictable manoeuvres. Functional similarities indicate either phylogenetic relationship or convergence.},
	keywords = {Conopidae, Pipunculidae, wings},
	author = {Ennos, A. Roland}
}
@article {235,
	title = {Similarity in flight behaviour between the honeybee Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae) and its presumed mimic, the dronefly Eristalis tenax (Diptera: Syrphidae)},
	journal = {The Journal of Experimental Biology},
	volume = {204},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {139-145},
	abstract = {is a Batesian mimic of the honeybee Apis mellifera. Previous work has established that the foraging behaviour ofdroneflies is more similar to that of its model than to that of other more closely related flies, suggesting that behaviour may be important in the mimicry. Locomotor mimicry has been demonstrated in mimetic Heliconius butterflies but not in hoverflies. This study therefore investigated aspects of the flight behaviour of Eristalis tenax, Apis mellifera and two other flies, Syrphus ribesii and a Musca sp. Insects were filmed foraging on Helichrysum bracteum flowers, and flight sequences were analysed to determine flight velocities, flight trajectories and the percentage of time spent hovering. It was found that the flight behaviour of droneflies was more similar to that of honeybees than to that of the other flies. This suggests that the flight behaviour of Eristalis tenax may be mimetic.},
	author = {Golding, Yvonne C. and Ennos, A. Roland and Edmunds, Malcolm}
}
