@article {593,
	title = {Morphologische indizien f{\"u}r das unmittelbare schwestergruppenverh{\"a}ltnis der Schizophora mit den Syrphoidea ({\textquoteright}Aschiza{\textquoteright}) in der phylogenetischen systematik der Cyclorrhapha (Diptera: Brachycera). [Morphological evidence for the direct sister group rel},
	journal = {Journal of Natural History},
	volume = {25},
	number = {6},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {1531-1570},
	address = {London},
	abstract = {The phylogenetic relationships of the Schizophora with the families of the Aschiza were investigated on the basis of synapomorphies. Depending on the family, the sensory epithelium of the retinae of the compound eyes of flies consists either of populations of 2 ommatidial elements or of uniform ommatidia: duotype and monotype, respectively. Within the Cyclorrhapha, the monotype occurs exclusively in the Schizophora and Syrphoidea (= Syrphidae + Pipunculidae), whereas the duotype occurs in the remaining Aschiza. These 2 types form a plesio-apomorphous pair: on the basis of character state analysis the duotype was regarded as plesiomorphous and the monotype proved to be a synapomorphy of the Schizophora and Syrphoidea. The retinal pair was accorded a high relevance as an indicator of the the phylogenetic relationships in Cyclorrhapha owing to its special morphology and the very low probability of a parallel development of the apomorphous monotype. In this paper, the hypothesis of W. Hennig (1976) that the dorsobasal arista on the antennal flagellum in the Schizophora and Syrphoidea is a synapomorphy compared to the original apical arista was confirmed on the basis of literature studies. The monophyly of these 2 groups together, and their sister group relationship, were demonstrated in an argumentation scheme. 3 alterations of the conventional systematics of the Cyclorrhapha were undertaken: (a) the term {\textquoteright}Eumuscomorpha{\textquoteright} is introduced to designate a new monophyletic taxon of the Schizophora and Syrphoidea. (b) The remaining groups of the Aschiza are temporarily subsumed in a {\textquoteright}superfamily Platypezoidea{\textquoteright} owing to their manifestation of complementary symplesiomorphous characteristics. Until its phylogenetic character (monophyly or paraphyly) is unequivocally clarified, it remains an {\textquoteright}artificial{\textquoteright} entity. (c) The term {\textquoteright}Aschiza{\textquoteright} is for a taxon of the genealogical system no longer applicable.},
	keywords = {Aschiza, Brachycera, comparative morphology, compound eye, Cyclorrhapha, Diptera, phylogenetic, phylogeny, Pipunculidae, relationship, retina, Schizophora, Syrphoidea, Systematics, taxonomy},
	author = {Wada, S.}
}
@article {236,
	title = {Armored cuticular membranes in Brachycera (Insecta, Diptera)},
	journal = {Journal Of Morphology},
	volume = {234},
	number = {3},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {213-222},
	abstract = {This study describes and quantifies the ultrastructural design of some cuticular protuberances in the Diptera-Brachycera that appear to have a specialized mechanical function. The microsculpture of membranes in the transitional areas of prothorax-neck, neck-head, head-mouthparts, and in the articulations thorax-coxa and coxa-trochanter was investigated in eight species from six families (Tabanidae, Stratiomyidae, Calliphoridae, Syrphidae, Muscidae and Drosophilidae) by means of scanning electron microscopy. The membrane armatures are single or grouped microtrichia, often located on microplates in the flexible membrane. The different membranes were compared using the following details: microtrichia length, microplate length and width, the shortest distance between microplates, and the number of microtrichia per microplate. Five different types of microstructure were observed: (1) single short papilla-like microtrichia directly arising from the flexible membrane, (2) single elongated microtrichia directly arising from the flexible membrane, (3) single microtrichia located on small areas of the inflexible cuticle, here called microplates, (4) microtrichia groups located on the microplates, and (5) microplates without microtrichia in the flexible membrane. The study reveals the differences in the surface ultrastructure of membranes between different parts of body and between different taxa of flies. The prothorax-neck transition is less specialized in membrane armature as compared with the head-neck articulation, and especially with that of the head-proboscis. The head-proboscis transition has the most complex membrane armature of those species studied. The membrane of the basal joints of the legs has larger plates and a higher number of microtrichia per plate than that of the more distal joints. The complexity of the membrane armature depends on the dimensions of the animal: the smallest species have short ungrouped microtrichia or micropapillae, whereas large species have the highest degree of grouping, the longest microtrichia, and the largest microplates. Three main mechanical functions served by the different armored membranes are suggested, based on the specific characteristics of the microsculptural design: (I) fixation of the folds, (2) prevention of folding, and (3) determination of direction of folding. (C) 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
	keywords = {Armored cuticular membranes, Brachycera, cuticle, Diptera, Insecta, morphology, Syrphidae},
	author = {Gorb, S.N.}
}
@article {367,
	title = {The larger Brachycera, Syrphidae and Conopidae (Diptera) of Mitcham Common},
	journal = {London Naturalist},
	volume = {82},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {173-186},
	keywords = {Brachycera, Conopidae, Mitcham Common, Syrphidae},
	author = {Morris, R. K. A.}
}
