@article {361,
	title = {The genitalia of male Syrphidae, their morphology, with especial reference to its taxonomic significance},
	journal = {Annals of the Entomological Society of America},
	volume = {14},
	year = {1921},
	note = {pp. 169-214 + 11 pp. plates},
	pages = {169-225},
	keywords = {GENITALIA, morphology, Syrphidae, taxonomy},
	author = {Metcalf, C.L.}
}
@inbook {111,
	title = {The morphology of ovipositor and systematics of Syrphidae flies},
	year = {1983},
	note = {1-156; editor: Skarlato, O.A. [Ed.] Diptera?Not OCR{\textquoteright}d (Russian)},
	pages = {7-10},
	keywords = {Arthropods, Dipterans/True Flies, Insects, Invertebrates, morphology, OVIPOSITOR, Syrphidae, use in systematics},
	author = {Borisova, V.G.},
	editor = {Narchuk, E.P. [Ed.] Diptera}
}
@article {256,
	title = {Morphology and taxonomy of the Malagasy genus <i>Vadonimyia</i> Seguy (Diptera, Syrphidae)},
	journal = {Acta Entomologica Fennica},
	volume = {45},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {31-42},
	keywords = {Arthropods, Dipterans/True Flies, GENERAL MORPHOLOGY, general morphology \& homology, HOMOLOGY, homology \& systematics, Insects, Invertebrates, MADAGASCAR, Morphological analysis \& systematic inferences, morphology, Syrphidae, Systematics, Vadonimyia},
	author = {Hippa, H.}
}
@article {226,
	title = {Cocoon mimicry and predation by myrmecophilous Diptera (Diptera: Syrphidae)},
	journal = {Florida Entomologist},
	volume = {68},
	number = {4},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {615-621},
	address = {Gainesville},
	keywords = {Arthropods, Camponotus \& Formica, Camponotus modoc, Diptera, Dipterans/True Flies, Formica neoclara, Formica subnuda, Hymenoptera, Hymenopterans, Insects, Invertebrates, Larval mimicry of host cocoons, Microdon, Microdon albicomatus, Microdon cothurnatus, Microdon piperi, Mimicry, morphology, PREDATORS, PREY, Syrphidae},
	author = {Garnett, W.B. and Akre, R.D. and Sehlke, G.}
}
@article {258,
	title = {Morphology and taxonomic value of the female external genitalia of Syrphidae and some other Diptera by new methodology},
	journal = {Annales Zoologici Fennici},
	volume = {23},
	number = {3},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {307-320},
	keywords = {Arthropods, Diptera, Dipterans/True Flies, female genitalia, Female morphology \& taxonomic value, GENITALIA, Insects, Invertebrates, morphology, Syrphidae, taxonomy},
	author = {Hippa, Heikki}
}
@inbook {230,
	title = {The evolution of feeding strategies},
	booktitle = {Phylogenetics and ecology},
	volume = {Linnaean Society Syposium Series Number 17},
	year = {1994},
	note = {376 pp.},
	pages = {323-343},
	publisher = {Academic Press},
	organization = {Academic Press},
	address = {London},
	keywords = {evolution of feeding strategies, morphology, phylogeny, PREDATORS, predatory behaviour, specialization, Syrphidae},
	author = {Gilbert, Francis and Rotheray, Graham and Emerson, Paul and Zafar, Rehena},
	editor = {Eggleton, Paul and Vane-Wright, Richard I.}
}
@article {236,
	title = {Armored cuticular membranes in Brachycera (Insecta, Diptera)},
	journal = {Journal Of Morphology},
	volume = {234},
	number = {3},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {213-222},
	abstract = {This study describes and quantifies the ultrastructural design of some cuticular protuberances in the Diptera-Brachycera that appear to have a specialized mechanical function. The microsculpture of membranes in the transitional areas of prothorax-neck, neck-head, head-mouthparts, and in the articulations thorax-coxa and coxa-trochanter was investigated in eight species from six families (Tabanidae, Stratiomyidae, Calliphoridae, Syrphidae, Muscidae and Drosophilidae) by means of scanning electron microscopy. The membrane armatures are single or grouped microtrichia, often located on microplates in the flexible membrane. The different membranes were compared using the following details: microtrichia length, microplate length and width, the shortest distance between microplates, and the number of microtrichia per microplate. Five different types of microstructure were observed: (1) single short papilla-like microtrichia directly arising from the flexible membrane, (2) single elongated microtrichia directly arising from the flexible membrane, (3) single microtrichia located on small areas of the inflexible cuticle, here called microplates, (4) microtrichia groups located on the microplates, and (5) microplates without microtrichia in the flexible membrane. The study reveals the differences in the surface ultrastructure of membranes between different parts of body and between different taxa of flies. The prothorax-neck transition is less specialized in membrane armature as compared with the head-neck articulation, and especially with that of the head-proboscis. The head-proboscis transition has the most complex membrane armature of those species studied. The membrane of the basal joints of the legs has larger plates and a higher number of microtrichia per plate than that of the more distal joints. The complexity of the membrane armature depends on the dimensions of the animal: the smallest species have short ungrouped microtrichia or micropapillae, whereas large species have the highest degree of grouping, the longest microtrichia, and the largest microplates. Three main mechanical functions served by the different armored membranes are suggested, based on the specific characteristics of the microsculptural design: (I) fixation of the folds, (2) prevention of folding, and (3) determination of direction of folding. (C) 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
	keywords = {Armored cuticular membranes, Brachycera, cuticle, Diptera, Insecta, morphology, Syrphidae},
	author = {Gorb, S.N.}
}
@proceedings {447,
	title = {The phylogeny of Syrphidae: An analysis using larval morphological and molecular characters},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {217-218},
	publisher = {International Congress of Dipterology},
	address = {Oxford, United Kingdom},
	keywords = {molecular systematics, morphology, phylogeny, Syrphidae},
	author = {St{\r a}hls-M{\"a}kel{\"a}, G. and Gilbert, F. and Rotheray, G. E.},
	editor = {Ismay, J.W.}
}
@article {460,
	title = {Phylogenetische rekonstruktion der verwandtschaftsbeziehungen innerhalb der gattung Cheilosia Meigen, 1822 anhand der larvenstadien (Diptera: Syrphidae). [Phylogenetic relationships within the genus Cheilosia Meigen, 1822, as evidenced by the larval stage},
	journal = {Studia dipterologica},
	volume = {Supplement 8},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {1-118},
	keywords = {cephalopharyngealskeleton, Cheilosia, cladogram, definition of termini, host plant, larvae, morphology, phylogeny, puparia, Syrphidae},
	author = {Stuke, Jens-Hermann}
}
@article {403,
	title = {Phylogeny of Palaearctic Syrphidae (Diptera): evidence from larval stages},
	journal = {Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society},
	volume = {127},
	number = {1},
	year = {1999},
	month = {September},
	pages = {1-112},
	abstract = {We estimated the phylogeny of Palaearctic Syrphidae using 187 larval morphological characters obtained from about 65\% of the fauna (85 supraspecific taxa represented by 118 species) and based the analysis at the generic level. The root of the syrphid tree was established from an outgroup consisting of other Aschizan families: the Platypezidae, Phoridae and Pipunculidae, with the tree rooted on the Lonchopteridae. The Syrphidae was the most derived Aschizan family. The Pipunculidae was the sister group to the Syrphidae. Eumerus was basal within Syrphidae. A trend exists towards increasing complexity of integumental folds and grooves across the Aschiza. In movement, the integument collapses along the line of these grooves. Grooves are evidence of muscles forming functional groups. Elaboration of independent groups of muscles appears to underlie much of the evolution of larval form within Aschiza. The basal feeding modes of syrphid larvae are mycophagy and phytophagy. Above these feedingmodes, all remaining syrphids fall into one of two lineages comprising entomophages and saprophages, each of which has a single origin within the apparently polyphyletic Volucella. Major morphological innovation is associated with shifts between feeding modes; within feeding modes, change is gradual and tends towards increasing complexity. Change is mostly in structures associated with the mouthparts, thorax, anal segment and locomotory organs. Generic diagnoses with biological and taxonomic notes and a key to genera using larval characters are provided.},
	keywords = {[Palaearctic region / / larval characters \& systematic implications]., Aschiza, Aschiza (Diptera), Aschiza [Phylogeny / / Cladistic relationships, BEHAVIOUR, cladistics, Diptera, entomophage \& saprophage characters] [Evolutionary adaptation / /, evidence, evolution, generic review \& systematic implications], key, larvae, larval character, Larval feeding modes] [Phylogeny / / Cladistic relationships within, morphology, Palaearctic region]., Palaearctic] [Nutrition / / Larval, phylogenetic \&, phylogeny, Syrphidae, Syrphidae [General morphology / / Larval characters, systematic implications},
	url = {<u><Go to ISI>://ZOOR13600034861</u>},
	author = {Rotheray, Graham and Gilbert, Francis}
}
@article {388,
	title = {Taxonomy of European <i>Eristalinus</i> (Diptera: Syrphidae) based on larval morphology and molecular data},
	journal = {European Journal of Entomology},
	volume = {100},
	number = {3},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {417-428},
	keywords = {Eristalinus, immature stages, life history, molecular systematics, morphology, Palaearctic, Syrphidae},
	isbn = {1210-5759},
	author = {P{\'e}rez-Ba{\~n}{\'o}n, Celeste and Rojo, Santos and St{\r a}hls, Gunilla and Marcos-Garc{\'{\i}a, M. {\'A}ngeles}
}
