01708nas a2200157   4500008004100000245006200041210006200103300001000165490000700175520126200182653001401444653001701458653001001475100001801485856004701503       1989                        eng d00aComparative functional morphology of the wings of Diptera0 aComparative functional morphology of the wings of Diptera  a27-470 v963 aWings of representative species of the order Diptera were compared with a simple model structure in which corrugated spars diverge from a V-shaped leading edge spar. Both develop torsion and camber when subjected to aerodynamic loads, forming a propeller shape. Both the leading edge and the cubitus of flies’ wings twist basally, allowing camber to be set up as the media hinges up or down at the arculus. Three different wing types were identified: stiff wings possessing 2 or 3 main spars; and wings capable of ventral flexion. In wings possessing only 2 spars, found mainly in the Nematocera, control of camber is achieved largely by the use of cross veins. Wing control and flight are generally imprecise. The 3rd spar, found in most Brachycera, in the Syrphidae and in the Conopidae controls camber and helps support a broader wing. Finer control of camber is exerted by marginal cross veins, and these insects generally have precise, darting flight. Ventral flexion mechanisms are found in the Simuliidae, the Stratiomyiidae, and widely in the Schizophora. Control of ventral flexion, which occurs at the end of the downstroke, allows fast, unpredictable manoeuvres. Functional similarities indicate either phylogenetic relationship or convergence.10aConopidae10aPipunculidae10awings1 aEnnos, Roland  uhttps://syrphidae.myspecies.info/node/9534