02948nas a2200313   4500008004100000245026000041210007000301260001100371300001400382490000700396520193500403653001202338653001502350653002702365653001702392653001702409653001202426653001702438653001402455653001702469653001702486653001102503653001602514653001502530653001602545653001302561100001302574856004702587       1991                        eng d00aMorphologische indizien für das unmittelbare schwestergruppenverhältnis der Schizophora mit den Syrphoidea (’Aschiza’) in der phylogenetischen systematik der Cyclorrhapha (Diptera: Brachycera). [Morphological evidence for the direct sister group rel0 aMorphologische indizien für das unmittelbare schwestergruppenver  aLondon  a1531-15700 v253 aThe phylogenetic relationships of the Schizophora with the families of the Aschiza were investigated on the basis of synapomorphies. Depending on the family, the sensory epithelium of the retinae of the compound eyes of flies consists either of populations of 2 ommatidial elements or of uniform ommatidia: duotype and monotype, respectively. Within the Cyclorrhapha, the monotype occurs exclusively in the Schizophora and Syrphoidea (= Syrphidae + Pipunculidae), whereas the duotype occurs in the remaining Aschiza. These 2 types form a plesio-apomorphous pair: on the basis of character state analysis the duotype was regarded as plesiomorphous and the monotype proved to be a synapomorphy of the Schizophora and Syrphoidea. The retinal pair was accorded a high relevance as an indicator of the the phylogenetic relationships in Cyclorrhapha owing to its special morphology and the very low probability of a parallel development of the apomorphous monotype. In this paper, the hypothesis of W. Hennig (1976) that the dorsobasal arista on the antennal flagellum in the Schizophora and Syrphoidea is a synapomorphy compared to the original apical arista was confirmed on the basis of literature studies. The monophyly of these 2 groups together, and their sister group relationship, were demonstrated in an argumentation scheme. 3 alterations of the conventional systematics of the Cyclorrhapha were undertaken: (a) the term ’Eumuscomorpha’ is introduced to designate a new monophyletic taxon of the Schizophora and Syrphoidea. (b) The remaining groups of the Aschiza are temporarily subsumed in a ’superfamily Platypezoidea’ owing to their manifestation of complementary symplesiomorphous characteristics. Until its phylogenetic character (monophyly or paraphyly) is unequivocally clarified, it remains an ’artificial’ entity. (c) The term ’Aschiza’ is for a taxon of the genealogical system no longer applicable.10aAschiza10aBrachycera10acomparative morphology10acompound eye10aCyclorrhapha10aDiptera10aphylogenetic10aphylogeny10aPipunculidae10arelationship10aretina10aSchizophora10aSyrphoidea10aSystematics10ataxonomy1 aWada, S.  uhttps://syrphidae.myspecies.info/node/952002949nas a2200205   4500008004100000245006500041210006200106300001200168490000800180520238100188653003202569653001502601653001202616653001202628653001202640653001502652653001402667100001502681856004702696       1997                        eng d00aArmored cuticular membranes in Brachycera (Insecta, Diptera)0 aArmored cuticular membranes in Brachycera Insecta Diptera  a213-2220 v2343 aThis study describes and quantifies the ultrastructural design of some cuticular protuberances in the Diptera-Brachycera that appear to have a specialized mechanical function. The microsculpture of membranes in the transitional areas of prothorax-neck, neck-head, head-mouthparts, and in the articulations thorax-coxa and coxa-trochanter was investigated in eight species from six families (Tabanidae, Stratiomyidae, Calliphoridae, Syrphidae, Muscidae and Drosophilidae) by means of scanning electron microscopy. The membrane armatures are single or grouped microtrichia, often located on microplates in the flexible membrane. The different membranes were compared using the following details: microtrichia length, microplate length and width, the shortest distance between microplates, and the number of microtrichia per microplate. Five different types of microstructure were observed: (1) single short papilla-like microtrichia directly arising from the flexible membrane, (2) single elongated microtrichia directly arising from the flexible membrane, (3) single microtrichia located on small areas of the inflexible cuticle, here called microplates, (4) microtrichia groups located on the microplates, and (5) microplates without microtrichia in the flexible membrane. The study reveals the differences in the surface ultrastructure of membranes between different parts of body and between different taxa of flies. The prothorax-neck transition is less specialized in membrane armature as compared with the head-neck articulation, and especially with that of the head-proboscis. The head-proboscis transition has the most complex membrane armature of those species studied. The membrane of the basal joints of the legs has larger plates and a higher number of microtrichia per plate than that of the more distal joints. The complexity of the membrane armature depends on the dimensions of the animal: the smallest species have short ungrouped microtrichia or micropapillae, whereas large species have the highest degree of grouping, the longest microtrichia, and the largest microplates. Three main mechanical functions served by the different armored membranes are suggested, based on the specific characteristics of the microsculptural design: (I) fixation of the folds, (2) prevention of folding, and (3) determination of direction of folding. (C) 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.10aArmored cuticular membranes10aBrachycera10acuticle10aDiptera10aInsecta10amorphology10aSyrphidae1 aGorb, S.N.  uhttps://syrphidae.myspecies.info/node/945600497nas a2200157   4500008004100000245007900041210006900120300001200189490000700201653001500208653001400223653001900237653001400256100002200270856004700292       2003                        eng d00aThe larger Brachycera, Syrphidae and Conopidae (Diptera) of Mitcham Common0 alarger Brachycera Syrphidae and Conopidae Diptera of Mitcham Com  a173-1860 v8210aBrachycera10aConopidae10aMitcham Common10aSyrphidae1 aMorris, R., K. A.  uhttps://syrphidae.myspecies.info/node/9361