C.  Linnaeus, Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis., 10th ed., vol. 1. Holmiae [= Stockholm]: L. Salvii, 1758, p. 824 pp.

J. R.  Vockeroth, The flower flies of the subfamily Syrphinae of Canada, Alaska and Greenland, vol. 18. Ottawa: Canada Communications Group - Publishing, 1992, p. 456.

F. C.  Thompson, ?Keys to Nearctic Syrphidae (Diptera)?, p. 88, 1991.

X.  Mengual, Ståhls, G., and Rojo, S., ?First phylogeny of predatory Flower flies (Diptera, Syrphidae, Syrphinae) using mitochondrial COI and nuclear 28S rRNA genes: conflict and congruence with the current tribal classification?, Cladistics, vol. 24, pp. 543-562, 2008.